Exercise regularly—at least 150 minutes per week—to maintain a healthy weight and avoid liver fat accumulation.
Neuropathic pain: pain caused by abnormal neural activity that arises secondary to injury, disease, or dysfunction of the nervous system
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The differing pathophysiology for acute pain and chronic pain requires different approaches to their diagnosis and treatment. Effective acute pain management has been shown to improve both patient satisfaction and treatment outcomes, and reduce the risk of developing chronic pain.
A chronic secondary pain syndrome initially manifests as a symptom of another disease and then continues after successful treatment of the disease.15
Plan for treatment of reinjury or exacerbation during the subacute pain phase. Often subacute pain occurs with increase in activity before tissue is completely restored to health.
Consider buprenorphine when a safer, lower side-effect profile medication is preferred over full agonist opioids or for patients with tolerance to other opioids.
Nociceptive pain is caused by tissue damage due to injury or inflammation, rather than harm to the central or peripheral nervous system. This is the primary type of pain involved in patients with arthritis, musculoskeletal inflammatory disorders (tendinosis, bursitis), or structural spine pain.
Several cognitive constructs and affective responses negatively influence the intensity, distress and dysfunction of the chronic pain experience. Negative affect or emotional distress may be below the threshold for diagnosis of psychiatric disorder (eg, anxiety, depression), yet still have a substantial influence on pain-related outcomes and response to treatment. Negative affect increases the likelihood of transition from acute to chronic pain and is correlated with increased levels of disability, health care costs, mortality, and suicide.
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Pain diary: regular documentation of the pain intensity to identify peaks and triggers; enables treatment optimization
Potential risks of opioid use for all patients include: physical adverse effects; cognitive impairment; social, personal, and family risks; failing urine screening; potential for opioid misuse.
If the diagnosis is uncertain, additional workup may be necessary, including diagnostic testing or specialty consultation. website However, even when the underlying pathophysiology is unclear, establish a therapeutic relationship with the patient, and begin developing an individual pain treatment plan.
Read the medication guide. Read the medication guide for patients so that you understand how and when to take your medicine and what the major potential side effects are. If you have any questions, ask your pharmacist or health care provider.